Cowpox is a disease characterized by rapid development and a number of characteristic symptoms. The disease is characterized by a significant increase in body temperature, causing general weakness and loss of appetite. This in turn affects milk production. Papules appear on the cow's udder, which over time turn into abscesses and cracks. Due to discomfort and pain, the cow develops a wide stance. The CPXV genome has the most complete gene set of any orthopoxvirus. This unique feature of CPXV makes it ideal for mutating into different strains of the virus. This is a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus has an envelope that surrounds the virion. Literature studies that provide useful information on the clinical manifestations of sensitivity to this virus for various animal species and humans are analyzed. Studying the life cycle of this virus is also an important aspect, since uncovering its mechanisms allows for the development of effective control and control strategies. Specific examples of clinical manifestations associated with sensitivity to this virus in different animal species and humans are given. This allows for a more complete assessment of its potential consequences and impact on public health

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a disease of viral etiology, the causative agent of which is a member of the herpesvirus family - bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). The infection is widespread, and only some countries have been able to obtain the status of IBR -free territories. The main negative consequences affecting the country's economy are a decrease in the reproductive and productive properties of livestock, as well as the death of the animal. Clinical symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, abortion, conjunctivitis. Sources of infection are sick cattle, in whose secretions from mucous membranes, abortive materials, and exudates DNA of BHV-1 can be detected. The virion, upon penetration into target tissues, rapidly replicates, causing lysis of infected cells. The genome of the virus encodes about 70 proteins, some of which can prevent the detection of infected cells by T cells, and the spread of infection into a latent form completely complicates the situation with IBR. Due to the fact that the virus is characterized by reactivation when the animal is under stressful conditions, continuous circulation of the pathogen among the herd is inevitable. Various commercial diagnostic tests based on serology and genetic engineering methods are used to diagnose BHV-1. In order to prevent IBR, animals are immunized with vaccines that are used in the pharmaceutical market. At the same time, research is being conducted to create new biological products that can protect cattle from disease.

The causative agents of viral diseases among birds are widespread in nature. The spread of Newcastle among wild and domestic bird populations requires veterinary services to take effective control measures based on molecular epidemiological data.
The article presents data from monitoring studies on Newcastle disease in various regions of Kazakhstan. Collection of samples from poultry and wild birds was carried out in private farmsteads in different regions of Kazakhstan.
In order to determine the immune status of birds in individual farms and poultry farms, we conducted studies on the presence of antibodies to the Newcastle disease virus in the blood of birds.
It has been established that 82.3% of birds from private farms and poultry farms have antibodies to the Newcastle disease virus in the blood sera. In Kostanay, Akmola, Turkestan and North Kazakhstan regions, the percentage of immune birds is above 80%, in Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, West Kazakhstan, Almaty and Abay the percentage of immune birds is within 55-72.1%.
In Aktobe and Atyrau regions, 1-32% of birds have antibodies to the ND virus. It is likely that in these areas birds are not vaccinated across the entire population. The risk of developing ND is average.

This paper provides an overview of the monitoring of the spread of cholera in the world, the CIS countries and the Republic of Kazakhstan with an assessment of the risks of possible introduction and further spread of this particularly dangerous disease among the population of the country. The ways of introduction, measures to prevent and contain the spread are considered in order to ensure the epidemiological well-being and biological safety of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2022-2023 and for six months of 2024.
Despite the large-scale vaccination of the population of Asia and Africa, there is an upward trend in the dynamics of the incidence of cholera in the world. In 2022-2023 and in the five months of 2024, 1,135,601 cholera patients were registered in 44 countries worldwide, of which 9297 were fatal. Including by country: 147 people fell ill in Europe, 2 died; in Asia - 666 350/,620; in Africa - 458 316/7357; in North and Central America - 10788/1318. WHO has reported imported cholera cases to countries in Asia, the Americas, including the Caribbean, Europe and Australia with Oceania. Administrative territories endemic to cholera have been identified in 24 countries. According to WHO, the increasing increase in the incidence of cholera is associated with social and natural risks caused by emergencies of various origins, the presence of endemic foci, imported infections and other risk factors. The forecast for cholera in the world for 2024-2025, taking into account the established high degree of activation of the epidemic process, is unfavorable. For the Republic of Kazakhstan, the cholera forecast is determined by the presence of external risks caused by the continuation of the seventh cholera pandemic, possible imports of infection to the regions of the country

Standards play an important role in biosecurity by establishing and enforcing certain requirements and regulations. They contribute to the systematization and standardization of processes and procedures aimed at preventing, detecting and responding to potential threats.
Biological security is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of globalization and the development of science and technology. In a world, where threats from biological agents can range from epidemics and pandemics to bioterrorism and environmental disasters, standards play a key role in protecting society and the environment. Emergence of contagious diseases, both natural and intentional, among humans, animals and plants. Multilateral biological control regimes are required for national security and environmental protection.
This article provides an overview of the regulatory framework for biosafety and biosecurity

Influenza virus infection causes seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics, resulting in high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination is the most important tool for the prevention of influenza, while annual renewal of the composition of the vaccine is required due to the constant variability of the influenza virus. Epidemiological surveillance of the virus plays an important role in the better selection of candidate viruses for vaccines and early detection of drug-resistant strains.
This work presents an overview of current vaccine options and existing vaccine candidate developments. Today, three types of influenza vaccines are licensed in the world: inactivated, live attenuated and recombinant. The effectiveness of the current version of the influenza vaccine is suboptimal and is estimated at 40–60% when the vaccine strains antigenically correspond well to the circulating viruses. In general, the influenza vaccine is effective against morbidity and mortality among the population from this infection. However, the effectiveness of the vaccine depends on a number of factors, such as the age of the vaccinated, the corresponding strain included in the vaccine, the circulating virus, the production process itself, and the subject's previous vaccination history. Next-generation vaccines, universal vaccines and combination vaccines are the result of modern achievements and the basis for the future development of influenza vaccines