ОСПА КОРОВ: КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР

Оспа коров – заболевание, которое характеризуется быстрым развитием и рядом характерных симптомов. Болезнь характеризуется значительным повышением температуры тела, вызывая общую слабость и потерю аппетита. Это в свою очередь сказывается на молочной продуктивности. На вымени коровы появляются папулы, которые со временем превращаются в гнойники и трещины. За счет дискомфорта и болезненных ощущений у коровы появляется широкая стойка. Геном CPXV имеет самый полный набор генов среди всех ортопоксвирусов. Эта уникальная особенность CPXV делает его идеальным для мутирования в различные штаммы вируса. Это вирус с двуцепочечной ДНК. У вируса есть оболочка, которая окружает вирион. Анализированы литературные исследования, предоставляющие полезную информацию о клинических проявлениях чувствительности к данному вирусу для различных видов животных и людей. Изучение жизненного цикла этого вируса также является важным аспектом, поскольку раскрытие его механизмов позволяет разработать эффективные стратегии борьбы и контроля. Приведены конкретные примеры клинических проявлений, связанных с чувствительностью к данному вирусу у разных видов животных и людей. Это позволяет более полно оценить его потенциальные последствия и влияние на общественное здоровье

1. Franke, A., Pfaff, F., Jenckel, M., Hoffmann, B., Höper, D., Antwerpen, M., Meyer, H., Beer, M., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Classification of Cowpox Viruses into Several Distinct Clades and Identification of a Novel Lineage. Viruses, 9(6), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060142

2. Mauldin MR, Antwerpen M, Emerson GL, Li Y, Zoeller G, Carroll DS, Meyer H. Cowpox virus: What’s in a Name? Viruses. 2017; 9(5):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9050101

3. Chantrey, J., Meyer, H., Baxby, D., Begon, M., Bown, K. J., Hazel, S. M., Jones, T., Montgomery, W. I., & Bennett, M. (1999). Cowpox: reservoir hosts and geographic range. Epidemiology and infection, 122(3), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002423

4. Marennikova, S.S., Shelukhina, E.M., & Efremova, E.V. (1984). New outlook on the biology of cowpox virus. Acta virologica, 28 5, 437-44 .

5. Fischer, S., Franke, A., Imholt, C., Gethmann, J., Spierling, N. G., Jacob, J., Beer, M., Hoffmann, D., & Ulrich, R. G. (2020). Patchy Occurrence of Cowpox Virus in Voles from Germany. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 20(6), 471–475. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2019.2530

6. Weber, S., Jeske, K., Ulrich, R. G., Imholt, C., Jacob, J., Beer, M., & Hoffmann, D. (2020). In Vivo Characterization of a Bank Vole-Derived Cowpox Virus Isolate in Natural Hosts and the Rat Model. Viruses, 12(2), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020237

7. Kotton C. N. Zoonoses from cats //UpToDate, Waltham, MA.(Accessed on January 7, 2017). Copyright. – 2017.

8. Pastoret, P. P., Bennett, M., Brochier, B., & Akakpo, A. J. (2000). Animals, public health and the example of cowpox. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique, 12(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.19.1.1213

9. Hoffmann, D., Franke, A., Jenckel, M., Tamošiūnaitė, A., Schluckebier, J., Granzow, H., Hoffmann, B., Fischer, S., Ulrich, R. G., Höper, D., Goller, K., Osterrieder, N., & Beer, M. (2015). Out of the Reservoir: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of a Novel Cowpox Virus Isolated from a Common Vole. Journal of virology, 89(21), 10959–10969. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01195-15

10. Pickup, D. J., Ink, B. S., Hu, W., Ray, C. A., & Joklik, W. K. (1986). Hemorrhage in lesions caused by cowpox virus is induced by a viral protein that is related to plasma protein inhibitors of serine proteases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 83(20), 7698–7702. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.20.7698

11. Carroll, D. S., Emerson, G. L., Li, Y., Sammons, S., Olson, V., Frace, M., Nakazawa, Y., Czerny, C. P., Tryland, M., Kolodziejek, J., Nowotny, N., Olsen-Rasmussen, M., Khristova, M., Govil, D., Karem, K., Damon, I. K., & Meyer, H. (2011). Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification. PloS one, 6(8), e23086. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023086

12. Xu, Z., Zikos, D., Osterrieder, N., & Tischer, B. K. (2014). Generation of a complete single-gene knockout bacterial artificial chromosome library of cowpox virus and identification of its essential genes. Journal of virology, 88(1), 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02385-13

13. Payne L. G. (1986). The existence of an envelope on extracellular cowpox virus and its antigenic relationship to the vaccinia envelope. Archives of virology, 90(1-2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01314150

14. Alzhanova, D., & Früh, K. (2010). Modulation of the host immune response by cowpox virus. Microbes and infection, 12(12-13), 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.007

15. Soares, J. A., Leite, F. G., Andrade, L. G., Torres, A. A., De Sousa, L. P., Barcelos, L. S., Teixeira, M. M., Ferreira, P. C., Kroon, E. G., Souto-Padrón, T., & Bonjardim, C. A. (2009). Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway early during vaccinia and cowpox virus infections is required for both host survival and viral replication. Journal of virology, 83(13), 6883–6899. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00245-09

16. Panus, J.F., Smith, C., Ray, C.A., Smith, T.D., Patel, D.D., & Pickup, D.J. (2002). Cowpox virus encodes a fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family: A soluble, secreted CD30 homologue. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 8348 - 8353.

17. Leite, J.A., Fonseca, F.G., Souza Trindade, G., Abrahão, J.S., Arantes, R.M., Almeida-Leite, C.M., dos Santos, J.R., Guedes, M.I., Ribeiro, B.M., Bonjardim, C.A., Ferreira, P.C., & Kroon, E.G. (2011). A-type inclusion bodies: a factor influencing cowpox virus lesion pathogenesis. Archives of Virology, 156, 617-628.

18. Salgado, A. P., Soares-Martins, J. A., Andrade, L. G., Albarnaz, J. D., Ferreira, P. C., Kroon, E. G., & Bonjardim, C. A. (2013). Study of vaccinia and cowpox viruses' replication in Rac1-N17 dominant-negative cells. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 108(5), 554–562. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762013000500004

19. Bourquain, D., Schrick, L., Tischer, B. K., Osterrieder, K., Schaade, L., & Nitsche, A. (2021). Replication of cowpox virus in macrophages is dependent on the host range factor p28/N1R. Virology journal, 18(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01640-x

20. Herder, V., Wohlsein, P., Grunwald, D., Janssen, H., Meyer, H., Kaysser, P., Baumgärtner, W., & Beineke, A. (2011). Poxvirus infection in a cat with presumptive human transmission. Veterinary dermatology, 22(2), 220–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00947.x

21. Schaudien, D., Meyer, H., Grunwald, D., Janssen, H.P., & Wohlsein, P. (2007). Concurrent infection of a cat with cowpox virus and feline parvovirus. Journal of comparative pathology, 137 2-3, 151-4 .

22. Jungwirth, N., Puff, C., Köster, K., Mischke, R., Meyer, H., Stark, A., Thoma, B., Zöller, G., Seehusen, F., Hewicker-Trautwein, M., Beineke, A., Baumgärtner, W., & Wohlsein, P. (2018). Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in a Series of Cats. Journal of comparative pathology, 158, 71– 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.12.003

23. Smith, K. C., Bennett, M., & Garrett, D. C. (1999). Skin lesions caused by orthopoxvirus infection in a dog. The Journal of small animal practice, 40(10), 495–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03003.x

24. von Bomhard, W., Mauldin, E. A., Breuer, W., Pfleghaar, S., & Nitsche, A. (2011). Localized cowpox infection in a 5-month-old Rottweiler. Veterinary dermatology, 22(1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00923.x

25. Franke, A., Kershaw, O., Jenckel, M., König, L., Beer, M., Hoffmann, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2016). Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in an Aborted Foal. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases, 16 6, 431-3 .

26. Baxby D. (1977). Is cowpox misnamed? A review of 10 human cases. British medical journal, 1(6073), 1379–1381. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6073.1379

27. Kurth A., Nitsche A. (2011). Cowpox in zoo animals. Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy. Т. (7), 32-37.

28. Marennikova, S. S., Maltseva, N. N., Korneeva, V. I., & Garanina, N. (1977). Outbreak of pox disease among carnivora (felidae) and edentata. The Journal of infectious diseases, 135(3), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/135.3.358

29. Bennett, M., Gaskell, R. M., Gaskell, C. J., Baxby, D., & Kelly, D. F. (1989). Studies on poxvirus infection in cats. Archives of virology, 104(1-2), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313805

30. Baxby, D., Ashton, D. G., Jones, D. M., & Thomsett, L. R. (1982). An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: virological and epidemiological studies. The Journal of hygiene, 89(3), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400070935

31. Stagegaard, J., Kurth, A., Stern, D., Dabrowski, P. W., Pocknell, A., Nitsche, A., & Schrick, L. (2017). Seasonal recurrence of cowpox virus outbreaks in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). PloS one, 12(11), e0187089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187089

32. Ashpole, I. P., Chantrey, J., Lopez, J., Drake, G., & Steinmetz, H. W. (2020). SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CLINICAL ORTHOPOXVIRUS INFECTION IN A GIANT ANTEATER (MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 51(1), 217–221. https://doi.org/10.1638/2019-0040

33. Costa, T., Stidworthy, M. F., Ehmann, R., Denk, D., Ashpole, I., Drake, G., Maciuca, I., Zoeller, G., Meyer, H., & Chantrey, J. (2023). Cowpox in zoo and wild animals in the United Kingdom. Journal of comparative pathology, 204, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.05.002

34. Kurth, A., Wibbelt, G., Gerber, H. P., Petschaelis, A., Pauli, G., & Nitsche, A. (2008). Rat-to-elephant-to-human transmission of cowpox virus. Emerging infectious diseases, 14(4), 670– 671. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1404.070817

35. Kurth, A., Straube, M., Kuczka, A., Dunsche, A. J., Meyer, H., & Nitsche, A. (2009). Cowpox virus outbreak in banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) and jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) with a time-delayed infection to humans. PloS one, 4(9), e6883. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006883

36. Willemse, A., & Egberink, H. F. (1985). Transmission of cowpox virus infection from domestic cat to man. Lancet (London, England), 1(8444), 1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92299-8

37. Żaba, R., Jałowska, M., Kowalczyk, M. J., Bowszyc-Dmochowska, M., Adamski, Z., & Szkaradkiewicz, A. (2017). Cowpox virus infection in a child after contact with a domestic cat: a case report. The new microbiologica, 40(2), 148–150.

38. Talarek, E., & Marczynska, M. (2018). Cowpox Virus Infection. The New England journal of medicine, 378(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm1702548

39. Ninove, L., Domart, Y., Vervel, C., Voinot, C., Salez, N., Raoult, D., Meyer, H., Capek, I., Zandotti, C., & Charrel, R. N. (2009). Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerging infectious diseases, 15(5), 781–784. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1505.090235

40. Damon I. K. Poxviruses (2011) //Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 1647-1658.

41. Vorou, R. M., Papavassiliou, V. G., & Pierroutsakos, I. N. (2008). Cowpox virus infection: an emerging health threat. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 21(2), 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c74

42. Fassbender, P., Zange, S., Ibrahim, S., Zoeller, G., Herbstreit, F., & Meyer, H. (2016). Generalized Cowpox Virus Infection in a Patient with HIV, Germany, 2012. Emerging infectious diseases, 22(3), 553–555. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2203.151158

43. England P. H. List of zoonotic diseases. – 2019.

44. Baxby, D., Bennett, M., & Getty, B. (1994). Human cowpox 1969-93: a review based on 54 cases. The British journal of dermatology, 131(5), 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04969.x

45. Begon, M., Hazel, S.M., Baxby, D., Bown, K.J., Cavanagh, R.D., Chantrey, J., Jones, T.R., & Bennett, M. (1999). Transmission dynamics of a zoonotic pathogen within and between wildlife host species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266, 1939 - 1945.

46. Vorou, R. M., Papavassiliou, V. G., & Pierroutsakos, I. N. (2008). Cowpox virus infection: an emerging health threat. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 21(2), 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c74

47. Strenger V, Müller M, Richter S, Revilla-Fernandez S, Nitsche A, Klee SR, et al. A 17-year-old girl with a black eschar. Cowpox virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:91–2, 133–4.

48. Pahlitzsch, R., Hammarin, A. L., & Widell, A. (2006). A case of facial cellulitis and necrotizing lymphadenitis due to cowpox virus infection. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 43(6), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1086/506937

49. Wolfs, T. F., Wagenaar, J. A., Niesters, H. G., & Osterhaus, A. D. (2002). Rat-to-human transmission of Cowpox infection. Emerging infectious diseases, 8(12), 1495–1496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0812.020089

50. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Cowpox in Germany and France related to rodent pets. 2009. Feb 11 [cited 2009 Mar 18]. Available from http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/files/pdf/Health_topics/RA_Cowpox_updated.pdf

51. Ninove, L., Domart, Y., Vervel, C., Voinot, C., Salez, N., Raoult, D., Meyer, H., Capek, I., Zandotti, C., & Charrel, R. N. (2009). Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerging infectious diseases, 15(5), 781–784. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1505.090235

52. Krankowska, D. C., Woźniak, P. A., Cybula, A., Izdebska, J., Suchacz, M., Samelska, K., Wiercińska-Drapało, A., & Szaflik, J. P. (2021). Cowpox: How dangerous could it be for humans? Case report. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 104, 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.061

53. Vanessa Ngan, "Viral and Skin Infections", 2009

54. Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina: "Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccination", exhibition, 1996

55. Cowpox and paravaccinia. (1967). British medical journal, 4(5575), 308–309.

56. Abbas A.K. (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0008-6.

57. Introduction to Virology / https://www.coursera.org/learn/nsu-virology

58. Electron micrograph of three Cowpox virus particles https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox#/media/File:Cowpox_virus.jpg

59. Pelkonen, P. M., Tarvainen, K., Hynninen, A., Kallio, E. R., Henttonen, K., Palva, A., Vaheri, A., & Vapalahti, O. (2003). Cowpox with severe generalized eruption, Finland. Emerging infectious diseases, 9(11), 1458–1461. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0911.020814