FOOT-AND-MOUTH: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES

The last outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Kazakhstan was detected in the East Kazakhstan region in 2013. As part of the approved FMD control strategy, the country's territory is divided into 2 free FMD zones (with and without vaccination).
Specialists of the International Epizootic Bureau were invited to the republic, and the vaccines used were analyzed. And we must admit that this work has yielded certain results. Nine regions have been granted FMD-free status without vaccination. However, for the first time in many years, in January 2022, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, a dangerous viral disease that can be transmitted to humans, was detected in the Karaganda region. Which crossed out almost all the work done on the way to well-being and zeroed out the chances for the development of export animal husbandry.
Foot–and-mouth disease is a cross-border disease, the source of which is domestic and wild ungulates. This disease is caused by a virus of the genus Aphthovirus of the Picornaviridae family, which affects artiodactyls, both wild and domestic. Transmission of FMD virus from sick animals to other susceptible animals can occur directly or indirectly. Treatment and control of foot-andmouth disease among livestock or animals can be carried out through isolation and quarantine of sick animals, vaccination programs, biosafety measures in animal husbandry, monitoring of livestock movement and surveillance.

1. WOAH. (n.d.). Foot-and-mouth disease. Retrieved from https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/

2. OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.foot-and-mouth.org

3. Nakhanov, A., Abeuov, H., & Omarova, Z. (2023). The first case of foot-and-mouth disease O/MEGA/IND-2001 in Kazakhstan. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, (2).

4. Sukoco, H., Wahyuni, S., Utami, S., Cahyani, A. P., Andanawari, S., & Siswanto, F. M. (2023). Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Etiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control in even or split hoofed livestock. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 18(4), 268–273.

5. Silitonga, R. J. P., Soejoedono, R. D., Latif, H., & Sudarnika, E. (2016). The threat of foot and mouth disease virus by the illegal meat circulation at Entikong. Jurnal Sain Veteriner, 2(34), 147–154.

6. Wulandani, I. (2022). Case report: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in beef cattle in Central Bangka Regency. Vet Bio Clin J, 2(4), 66–74.

7. Al-Salihi, K. A. (2019). The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Iraq. Veterinary World, 12(5), 706–712.

8. Awel, S. M., Dilba, G. M., Abraha, B., Zewde, D., Wakjira, B. S., & Aliy, A. (2021). Seroprevalence and molecular detection of FMD virus in dairy cattle. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 12, 187–197.

9. Firman, A., Trisman, I., & Puradireja, R. H. (2022). Economic impact of FMD on cattle and buffalo. Mimbar Agribisnis, 8(2), 1123–1129.

10. Aslam, M., & Alkheraije, K. A. (2023). The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1201578.

11. Andrian. (2023). Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku pada Hewan Ternak. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://fpp.undip.ac.id/berita-id/penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pada-hewan-ternak-dalampandangan-pakar-fpp-undip/

12. Onodera, T., Sakudo, A., Sugiura, K., Haritani, M., & Kirisawa, R. (2023). Antiviral agents and disinfectants for FMD. Biomedical Reports, 19(57), 1–9.

13. Rohma, M. R., Zamzami, A., Putri, H. U., Adelia, H. K., & Cahya, D. W. (2022). FMD virus cases in Indonesia. The 3rd National Conference of Applied Animal Science.

14. Azeem, A., Rashid, I., Hassan, M. M., Asad, M., Kaukab, G., Tehseen, A., & Amir, S. A. (2020). Review on FMD in dairy animals. Pure and Applied Biology, 9(1), 821–832.

15. Pamungkas, P. A., et al. (2023). Risk factors of FMD in small ruminants: A review. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 12(1), 140–149.

16. Ismail, I., Indarjulianto, S., & Yusuf, S. (2023). Clinical examination of FMD in dairy cows. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1174(1), 0–7.

17. Paton, D. J., Gubbins, S., & King, D. P. (2018). Transmission of FMD virus at different scales. Current Opinion in Virology, 28, 85–91.

18. Pramitasari, A., & Khofifah, I. (2022). Analisis wacana kritis: PMK dalam Sindo News. Jurnal Penelitian Inovatif (JUPIN), 2(2), 307–316.

19. Maulana, A., et al. (2023). Clustering vaksinasi PMK using K-Means. Journal of Information System Research (JOSH), 4(3), 894–902.

20. Brown, E., Nelson, N., & Colenutt, C. (2022). Airborne transmission of FMD virus. Viruses, 14(109), 1–14.

21. Sarsana, I. N., & Merdana, I. M. (2022). Vaksinasi PMK pada sapi Bali. Jurnal Altifani, 2(5), 447–452.

22. Arzt, J., Juleff, N., & Zhang, Z. (2011). The pathogenesis of FMD in cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 58(4), 291–304.

23. Okti, R. D., et al. (2023). Sosialisasi penanganan PMK di Mojosari. Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hewani (JURRIH), 2(1), 1–9.

24. Amiruddin, Mujiburrahman, & Amalia, R. (n.d.). Penyuluhan PMK pada ternak. Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Masyarakat LPPM UMJ.

25. Jamal, S. M., & Belsham, G. J. (2013). Foot-and-mouth disease: Past, present and future. Veterinary Research, 44(1160), 1–14.

26. Longjam, N., et al. (2011). Diagnosis of FMD: Conventional to molecular tools. Veterinary Medicine International, Article ID 905768.

27. Dinas Pertanian Provinsi Bali. (2023). Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pmk/

28. Dinas Peternakan NTB. (2023). Waspada Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku. Retrieved November 7, 2023, from https://disnakkeswan.ntbprov.go.id/waspada-penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pmk-padaternak-sapi/

29. Yuliana, R., et al. (2023). Clustering vaksinasi PMK in Riau using K-Medoids. JUKI: Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika, 5(1), 90–98.

30. Ryspekov, B. Zh., & Saparbayev, A. K. (2020). Combating FMD in Kazakhstan. Veterinary Medicine of Farm Animals, 3(45), 12–18.

31. FAO. (2022). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Strategy. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/docs/gf-tads/strategy/en/

32. OIE. (2021). Terrestrial Animal Health Code: FMD. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from https://www.oie.int/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/

33. Paton, D. J., et al. (2018). History of FMD virus serotype C. Virus Evolution, 4(1), vey004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vey004

34. Knight-Jones, T. J. D., & Rushton, J. (2013). Economic impacts of FMD. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112(3–4), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013

35. GFRA. (2023). Annual report on FMD monitoring in Central Asia. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from http://www.g-fras.org