<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biob</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Биобезопасность и Биотехнология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biosafety and Biotechnology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2707-7241</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2957-5702</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Научно-исследовательский институт проблем биологической безопасности</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.58318/2957-5702-2025-21-4-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biob-165</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЯЩУР: ЭТИОЛОГИЯ, ПАТОГЕНЕЗ, ПРОФИЛАКТИКА И МЕРЫ БОРЬБЫ С НИМ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOOT-AND-MOUTH: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-7374</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есимбекова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yessimbekova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Есимбекова Назым Бейсехановна </p><p>пгт Гвардейский </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gvardeysky </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nazym.esimbekova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4399-4725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмагамбетов</surname><given-names>Б. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismagambetov</surname><given-names>B. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исмагамбетов Бекзат Миллиардович </p><p>пгт Гвардейский </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gvardeysky </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bekza88@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4733-9971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершебулов</surname><given-names>З. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yershebulov</surname><given-names>Z. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ершебулов Закир Джапарович </p><p>пгт Гвардейский </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gvardeysky </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ershebulov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ТОО «OtarBioPharm», АО «Национальный Холдинг «QazBioPharm»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">«OtarBioPharm» LLP, JSC "National Holding «QazBioPharm»<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>21</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Есимбекова Н.Б., Исмагамбетов Б.М., Ершебулов З.Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Есимбекова Н.Б., Исмагамбетов Б.М., Ершебулов З.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yessimbekova N.B., Ismagambetov B.M., Yershebulov Z.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.biosafety.kz/jour/article/view/165">https://journal.biosafety.kz/jour/article/view/165</self-uri><abstract><p>Последняя вспышка ящура в Республике Казахстан была выявлена в Восточно-Казахстанской области в 2013 году. В рамках утвержденной стратегии контроля ящура территория страны разделена на 2 свободные зоны ящура (с вакцинацией и без вакцинации).В республику приглашались специалисты Международного эпизоотического бюро, анализировались используемые вакцины. И надо признать – эта работа дала определенные плоды. Девять регионов получили статус свободных от ящура без вакцинации. Позднее еще пяти областям также дали статус свободных, но с вакцинацией. Однако, впервые за много лет в январе 2022 года в Карагандинской области выявлена вспышка ящура – опасного вирусного заболевания, которое может передаваться человеку. Которая перечеркнула практически весь проделанный труд на пути к благополучию и обнулила шансы для развития экспортного животноводства.Ящур – это трансграничная болезнь, источником которого являются домашние и дикие копытные животные. Это заболевание вызывается вирусом рода Aphthovirus семейства Picornaviridae, который поражает парнокопытных животных, как диких, так и домашних. Передача вируса ящура от больных животных другим восприимчивым животным может происходить прямо или косвенно. Вирус ящура может передаваться быстро, проникая в организм животного непосредственно через рот или нос и размножаясь в эпителиальных клетках в области носоглотки, затем попадая в кровь (виремия), затем размножаясь в лимфогландулярных железах и эпителиальных клетках во рту и подушечках лап, что приводит к образованию пузырьков и волдырей. Лечение и борьба с ящуром среди домашнего скота или животных могут осуществляться путем изоляции и карантина больных животных, программ вакцинации, мер биобезопасности в животноводстве, мониторинга движения скота и проведения эпиднадзора.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The last outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Kazakhstan was detected in the East Kazakhstan region in 2013. As part of the approved FMD control strategy, the country's territory is divided into 2 free FMD zones (with and without vaccination).Specialists of the International Epizootic Bureau were invited to the republic, and the vaccines used were analyzed. And we must admit that this work has yielded certain results. Nine regions have been granted FMD-free status without vaccination. However, for the first time in many years, in January 2022, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, a dangerous viral disease that can be transmitted to humans, was detected in the Karaganda region. Which crossed out almost all the work done on the way to well-being and zeroed out the chances for the development of export animal husbandry.Foot–and-mouth disease is a cross-border disease, the source of which is domestic and wild ungulates. This disease is caused by a virus of the genus Aphthovirus of the Picornaviridae family, which affects artiodactyls, both wild and domestic. Transmission of FMD virus from sick animals to other susceptible animals can occur directly or indirectly. Treatment and control of foot-andmouth disease among livestock or animals can be carried out through isolation and quarantine of sick animals, vaccination programs, biosafety measures in animal husbandry, monitoring of livestock movement and surveillance.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус</kwd><kwd>этиология</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>virus</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>prevention.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WOAH – Foot-and-mouth-disease. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WOAH. (n.d.). Foot-and-mouth disease. Retrieved from https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.foot-and-mouth.org</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.foot-and-mouth.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakhanov A., Abeuov H., Omarova Z. The first case of foot-and-mouth disease O/MEGA/IND-2001 in Kazakhstan. Problems of particularly dangerous infections. – 2023. № 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakhanov, A., Abeuov, H., &amp; Omarova, Z. (2023). The first case of foot-and-mouth disease O/MEGA/IND-2001 in Kazakhstan. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, (2).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sukoco H., Wahyuni S., Utami S., Cahyani A. P., Andanawari S., and Siswanto F. M. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Control in Even or Split Hoofed Livestock. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia – 2023. - №18 (4) – P. 268-273</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukoco, H., Wahyuni, S., Utami, S., Cahyani, A. P., Andanawari, S., &amp; Siswanto, F. M. (2023). Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Etiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control in even or split hoofed livestock. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 18(4), 268–273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silitonga RJP., Soejoedono RD., Latif H., Sudarnika E. The Threat of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus by the Ilegal Meat Circulation at Entikong, a Borderland between Indonesia and Malaysia. Jurnal Sain Veteriner - 2016. - №2. (34) – P. 147-154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silitonga, R. J. P., Soejoedono, R. D., Latif, H., &amp; Sudarnika, E. (2016). The threat of foot and mouth disease virus by the illegal meat circulation at Entikong. Jurnal Sain Veteriner, 2(34), 147–154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wulandani I. Case Report Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Beef Cattle in Central Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Vet Bio Clin J. - 2022. - №2. (4) – С. 66-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wulandani, I. (2022). Case report: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in beef cattle in Central Bangka Regency. Vet Bio Clin J, 2(4), 66–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Salihi KA. The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks and its history in Iraq. Veterinary World - 2019. - №5. (12) – P. 706-712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Salihi, K. A. (2019). The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Iraq. Veterinary World, 12(5), 706–712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awel SM., Dilba GM., Abraha B., Zewde D., Wakjira BS., Aliy A. Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Dairy Cattle Around Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports – 2021 (12) – P. 187-197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awel, S. M., Dilba, G. M., Abraha, B., Zewde, D., Wakjira, B. S., &amp; Aliy, A. (2021). Seroprevalence and molecular detection of FMD virus in dairy cattle. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 12, 187–197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Firman A., Trisman I., and Puradireja RH. Economic Impact of Foot and Mouth Diseases Outbreak on Cattle and Buffalo in Indonesia. Mimbar Agribisnis: Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis - 2022. №2 (8) – P. 1123-1129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Firman, A., Trisman, I., &amp; Puradireja, R. H. (2022). Economic impact of FMD on cattle and buffalo. Mimbar Agribisnis, 8(2), 1123–1129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aslam M., Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front. Vet. Sci. - 2023. 10:1201578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aslam, M., &amp; Alkheraije, K. A. (2023). The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1201578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrian. Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku pada Hewan Ternak dalam Pandangan Pakar FPP UNDIP. https://fpp.undip.ac.id/berita-id/penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pada-hewan-ternak-dalampandangan-pakar-fpp-undip/ (accessed on date 09 November 2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrian. (2023). Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku pada Hewan Ternak. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://fpp.undip.ac.id/berita-id/penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pada-hewan-ternak-dalampandangan-pakar-fpp-undip/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Onodera T., Sakudo A., Sugiura K., Haritani M., Kirisawa R. Antiviral agents and disinfectants for foot-and-mouth disease (Review). Biomedical Reports. - 2023. №19 (57) – P. 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onodera, T., Sakudo, A., Sugiura, K., Haritani, M., &amp; Kirisawa, R. (2023). Antiviral agents and disinfectants for FMD. Biomedical Reports, 19(57), 1–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohma MR., Zamzami A., Putri HU., Adelia HK., Cahya DW. Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Cases in Indonesia: Epidemiology, disease diagnosis, incidence rate, disease impact, and treatment. The 3rd National Conference of Applied Animal Science. - 2022. Department of Animal Science Politeknik Negeri Jember.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohma, M. R., Zamzami, A., Putri, H. U., Adelia, H. K., &amp; Cahya, D. W. (2022). FMD virus cases in Indonesia. The 3rd National Conference of Applied Animal Science.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azeem A., Rashid I., Hassan MM., Asad M., Kaukab G., Tehseen A., Amir S.A. Review on foot and mouth disease in dairy animals, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical findings. Pure Appl. Biol. - 2020. №9 (1) – P. 821-832.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azeem, A., Rashid, I., Hassan, M. M., Asad, M., Kaukab, G., Tehseen, A., &amp; Amir, S. A. (2020). Review on FMD in dairy animals. Pure and Applied Biology, 9(1), 821–832.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pamungkas PA., Putra PDP., Nugraha GWA., Candrayani PP., Jesus CSDe, Batan IW. The Risk Factors of Foot and Mouth Disease in Small Ruminants: A Literature Review. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus. - 2023. №12 (1) – P. 140-149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pamungkas, P. A., et al. (2023). Risk factors of FMD in small ruminants: A review. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 12(1), 140–149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ismail I., Indarjulianto S., Yusuf S. Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - 2023. 1174 (1) – P. 0–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismail, I., Indarjulianto, S., &amp; Yusuf, S. (2023). Clinical examination of FMD in dairy cows. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1174(1), 0–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paton DJ., Gubbins S., King DP. Understanding the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus at different scales. Curr Opin Virol. - 2018. №28 – С. 85-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paton, D. J., Gubbins, S., &amp; King, D. P. (2018). Transmission of FMD virus at different scales. Current Opinion in Virology, 28, 85–91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pramitasari A., Khofifah I. Analisis Wacana Kritis Pendekatan Teun A Van Dijk pada Pemberitaan “PMK Mengancam, Ridwan Kamil Minta Pemda Waspadai Hewan Ternak Jelang Idul Adha” dalam Sindo News. Jurnal Penelitian Inovatif (JUPIN). - 2022. №2 (2) – P. 307-316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pramitasari, A., &amp; Khofifah, I. (2022). Analisis wacana kritis: PMK dalam Sindo News. Jurnal Penelitian Inovatif (JUPIN), 2(2), 307–316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maulana A., Nazir A., Candra RM., Sanjaya S., Syafria, F. Clustering Vaksinasi Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku Menggunakan Algoritma K-Means. Journal of Information System Research (JOSH). - 2023. №4 (3) – P. 894-902.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maulana, A., et al. (2023). Clustering vaksinasi PMK using K-Means. Journal of Information System Research (JOSH), 4(3), 894–902.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown E., Nelson N., Colenutt C. Review Airborne Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: A Review of Past and Present Perspectives. Viruses. - 2022. №14 (109) – P. 1-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown, E., Nelson, N., &amp; Colenutt, C. (2022). Airborne transmission of FMD virus. Viruses, 14(109), 1–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarsana IN., Merdana IM. Vaksinasi Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku Pada Sapi Bali di Desa Sanggalangit Kecamatan Gerokgak Kabupaten Buleleng-Bali. Jurnal Altifani penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. - 2022. №2 (5) – P. 447-452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarsana, I. N., &amp; Merdana, I. M. (2022). Vaksinasi PMK pada sapi Bali. Jurnal Altifani, 2(5), 447–452.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arzt J., Juleff N., Zhang Z. The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease I: Viral Pathways in Cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. - 2011. №58 (4) – P. 291-304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arzt, J., Juleff, N., &amp; Zhang, Z. (2011). The pathogenesis of FMD in cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 58(4), 291–304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okti RD., Megawati Alfianto L., Affandi MI., Angelin NM., Rhemahita YR., Darmawan RR. Magfiroh F., Mawarni DI., Ningrum AES., Hutama PS. Sosialisasi Pencegahan Dan Penanganan Virus PMK Pada Ternak Di Desa Mojosari, Kecamatan Puger, Kabupaten Jember. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Hewani (JURRIH). - 2023. №2 (1) – P. 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okti, R. D., et al. (2023). Sosialisasi penanganan PMK di Mojosari. Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hewani (JURRIH), 2(1), 1–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amiruddin., Mujiburrahman., Amalia R. Penyuluhan Penyakit Mulut Dan Kuku Pada Ternak di Ud. Hm Jaya Pangkalan Bun Kalimantan Tengah. Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Masyarakat LPPM UMJ. Jakarta.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amiruddin, Mujiburrahman, &amp; Amalia, R. (n.d.). Penyuluhan PMK pada ternak. Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Masyarakat LPPM UMJ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jamal SM., Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future. Veterinary Research. - 2013. №44 (1160) – P. 1-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamal, S. M., &amp; Belsham, G. J. (2013). Foot-and-mouth disease: Past, present and future. Veterinary Research, 44(1160), 1–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longjam N., Deb R., Sarmah AK., Tayo T., Awachat VB., Saxena VK. Review Article A Brief Review on Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease of Livestock: Conventional to Molecular Tools. Veterinary Medicine International. - 2011: 905768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longjam, N., et al. (2011). Diagnosis of FMD: Conventional to molecular tools. Veterinary Medicine International, Article ID 905768.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Bali. Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku. https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pmk/ (accessed on date 11 November 2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinas Pertanian Provinsi Bali. (2023). Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from https://distanpangan.baliprov.go.id/penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pmk/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Waspada Penyakit Mulut dan KuKu Pada Ternak Sapi. https://disnakkeswan.ntbprov.go.id/waspadapenyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pmk-pada-ternak-sapi/ (accessed on date 07 November 2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinas Peternakan NTB. (2023). Waspada Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku. Retrieved November 7, 2023, from https://disnakkeswan.ntbprov.go.id/waspada-penyakit-mulut-dan-kuku-pmk-padaternak-sapi/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuliana R., Nazir A., Candra RM., Sanjaya S., Syafria F. Clustering Vaksinasi Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku Di Provinsi Riau Menggunakan Algoritma K-Medoids. JUKI: Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika. - 2023. №5 (1) – P. 90-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuliana, R., et al. (2023). Clustering vaksinasi PMK in Riau using K-Medoids. JUKI: Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika, 5(1), 90–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыспеков, Б.Ж., Сапарбаев А.К. Современное состояние и перспективы борьбы с ящуром в Казахстане // Ветеринария сельскохозяйственных животных. - 2020. - № 3 (45). - С. 12-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryspekov, B. Zh., &amp; Saparbayev, A. K. (2020). Combating FMD in Kazakhstan. Veterinary Medicine of Farm Animals, 3(45), 12–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Strategy. - Rome: FAO, 2022. - 45 p. URL: https://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/docs/gf-tads/strategy/en/ (дата обращения: 15.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO. (2022). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Strategy. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/docs/gf-tads/strategy/en/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terrestrial Animal Health Code: Foot and Mouth Disease. - Paris: OIE, 2021. - 38 p. URL: https://www.oie.int/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-onlineaccess/ (дата обращения: 15.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OIE. (2021). Terrestrial Animal Health Code: FMD. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from https://www.oie.int/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paton, D.J. et al. The history of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C // Virus Evolution. - 2018. - Vol. 4, № 1. - P. vey004. DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paton, D. J., et al. (2018). History of FMD virus serotype C. Virus Evolution, 4(1), vey004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vey004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knight-Jones, T.J.D., Rushton J. The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease // Preventive Veterinary Medicine. - 2013. - Vol. 112, № 3-4. - P. 161-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knight-Jones, T. J. D., &amp; Rushton, J. (2013). Economic impacts of FMD. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112(3–4), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежегодный отчет по эпидемиологическому мониторингу ящура в Центральной Азии. - Глобальный альянс по борьбе с ящуром (GFRA), 2023. - 28 с. URL: http://www.gfras.org (дата обращения: 15.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GFRA. (2023). Annual report on FMD monitoring in Central Asia. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from http://www.g-fras.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
