This review article addresses the etiology, epidemiology, distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and its diagnosis and prevention. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is one of the deadly hemorrhagic fevers endemic in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease caused by the CCHF virus of the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. In Kazakhstan, natural foci of CCHF are located in the Zhambyl, Turkestan, and Kyzylorda regions, as well as the city of Shymkent. In Kazakhstan, 108 confirmed cases of CCHF were registered in humans during the period from 2021 to 2023. The virus genome consists of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments, encoding nucleocapsid proteins (N), envelope glycoproteins (G1 and G2), and polymerase complex proteins, respectively. Most human cases were associated with agricultural activities such as animal husbandry, haymaking, and livestock slaughter. Humans are most commonly infected by tick bites. Clinical signs usually indicate the rapid progression of the disease, which is accompanied by bleeding, muscle pain, and fever. Now, there is no specific treatment, and the most important measures are preventive safety practices. For the diagnosis of CCHF, methods such as ELISA, RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR are used

According to the International Bureau of Epizootics, until recently, the territory of Kazakhstan was considered a free zone from foot-and-mouth disease in animals with vaccination, but there is a risk of the disease virus being introduced from cross-border countries into our republic. Therefore, the veterinary service and scientific community of our state need to conduct constant monitoring with seromonitoring and screening of the immune status of animals throughout the country.
It is known that outbreaks of foot and mouth disease cause significant damage to livestock production and the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan when the virus is likely to be introduced from disadvantaged countries led to the emergence of multiple foci of infection in the country and huge costs for their elimination.
The introduction of foot-and-mouth disease into the regions of Kazakhstan that are part of the zone free from foot-and-mouth disease without vaccination, officially recognized by the World Organization for Animal Health, led to the suspension of the status of the entire zone, which in turn led to restrictions on both the export of livestock products and grain, and on trade inside the country
The purpose of our study is to determine the seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Kazakhstan for 2021-2023.
It has been established that there is still a high risk of introducing new genotypes of the foot-and-mouth disease virus into the territory of our country.

The review presents information from the OIE, FAO and veterinary services on the current epizootic situation worldwide regarding Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR). Literature analysis shows that PPR is a serious issue for small livestock farming globally, particularly in developing countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The disease is characterized by a high mortality rate, reaching 100% in primary outbreaks and up to 50% in secondary outbreaks. The analysis indicates that the greatest threat comes from diseases registered in neighboring countries and associated with animal migration and socio-economic connections. It is also important to expand vaccination coverage in border areas where PPR outbreaks have been registered. Immunizing all livestock in these zones will significantly reduce the risk of infection introduction and protect livestock from potential epizootics

The article presents data from our own research on the epizootic situation of tuberculosis in the Karaganda and Ulytau regions for 2021-2024. In 2024, two foci of cattle tuberculosis were identified in the Karaganda region, one of which in the Nurinsky district is the rural district of Akhmetauyly, KH "Kugabaev N." and the other in the Bukhar-Zhyrau district is the rural district of Kokpekty, LLP "Janat". Two foci of cattle tuberculosis were also identified in the Ulytau region, one of which is in the Zhana-Arkinsky district - the rural district of M. Zhumazhanov, KH "Dias" and one in the city of Karazhal - KH "Peshkovets". Based on a veterinary and sanitary examination of the carcasses and internal organs of the slaughtered animals, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed. The qualified conduct of allergic studies by animal veterinary specialists, as well as differential diagnosis of nonspecific tuberculin reactions, make it possible to accurately determine the epizootic situation of tuberculosis. Strict adherence to the instructions for the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis, along with the implementation of the developed veterinary and sanitary and organizational and economic measures, contributes to the improvement of the epizootic situation of tuberculosis. Ultimately, this leads to a reduction in the risk of tuberculosis among people

This article provides an overview of scientific studies on the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. It summarizes current concepts of antibiotic resistance, the division of microorganisms into sensitive and resistant to antibiotics, and explains the concept of minimal inhibitory concentration from a modern perspective. The main mechanisms of the development of antibiotic resistance, vectors, and genes responsible for the transmission of resistance are revealed. Microorganism resistance to antibacterial agents can be innate or acquired. The bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, and other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, are described. Non-hereditary resistance mechanisms are shown, including changes in metabolic activity, phenotypic plasticity, and biofilm formation. The factors involved in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance, as well as the evolution of antibiotic resistance, which goes through several key stages, are discussed. One of the vectors in studying the evolution of antibiotic resistance should be the analysis of bacterial communities forming biofilms rather than isolated bacterial strains, as microorganisms in biofilms exhibit low sensitivity to various antibiotics due to phenotypic resistance mechanisms.
The methods of combating antibiotic resistance include several approaches: rational use of antibiotics, development of new antibiotics, and vaccination

This article is devoted to the determination of physicochemical properties, such as determination of appearance, solubility, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), mass fraction of moisture (MFM) in vaccine preparations, one of the main physicochemical quality indicators that makes it possible to assess the quality of the finished product. Its shelf life, consumer properties and safety depend on the quality level of drugs. To assess the quality, a laboratory analysis was carried out, the results of which compared the actual values with the standardized ones. The quality control of the vaccine was carried out in accordance with the standards adopted in the biological industry for the production and control against Newcastle disease from the La Sota strain. The object of the study was a live vaccine of three series, intended for the prevention of ND in breeding and commercial poultry farms, manufactured at the Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As a result of the work carried out, all values were within the acceptable limits, which complies with the requirements of ST 405-1919-04 GP-100-2019