ОСПА ОБЕЗЬЯН: РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ, ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВИРУСА, ЛЕЧЕНИЕ И МЕРЫ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ

В настоящее время одной из важнейших задач Всемирной организации здравоохранения является профилактика, борьба с эпидемическими заболеваниями и поиск новых методов в этом направлении. Немаловажную роль в этом играет многолетний опыт и запас научных достижений в победе человечества в борьбе с инфекционными заболеваниями. Сегодня вызывает тревогу появление новой эпидемической болезни оспа обезьян в ряде государств. Первая регистрация оспы обезьян была в середине XX века в Демократической Республике Конго. Позже резкий рост этой инфекции в ряде стран привлек особое внимание Всемирной организации здравоохранения. Целью, поставленной исследователями на пути борьбы с данным заболеванием, является детальное изучение генома вируса, рассмотрение мероприятий по вакцинации против оспы обезьян и его лечения. Возникает вопрос: «Какова тяжесть оспы обезьян для человечества, может ли она представлять такую же опасность, как и в XX веке, когда на международном уровне предпринимались меры по борьбе с натуральной оспой?». В данной статье на основе собранных научных данных и литературных обзоров представлены ответы на ряд таких актуальных вопросов.

1. Reynolds M.G., Carroll D.S., Karem K.L. Factors affecting the likelihood of monkeypox's emergence and spread in the pos t-smallpox era//Curr Opin Virol. – 2012. – Vol. 2 (3). – Р. 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.004

2. Berthet N., Nakoune E., Whist E., Selekon B., Burguiere A.M., Manuguerra J.C., Gessain A., Kazanji M. Maculopapular lesions in the Central African Republic//Lance. – 2011. – Vol. 378. – 1354 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61142-2

3. Damon I.K., Roth C.E., Chowdhary V. Discovery of monkeypox in Sudan//N Engl J Med. – 2006. – Vol. 355. – P. 962-963. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc060792

4. Learned L.A., Reynolds M.G., Wassa D.W., Li Y., Olson V.A., Karem K., Stempora L.L., Braden Z.H., Kline R., Likos A. et al. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo//Am J. Trop Med Hyg. – 2005. – Vol. 73. – Р. 428-434. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.428

5. McCollum A.M., Damon I.K. Human monkeypox//Clin Infect Dis. – 2014. – Vol. 58. – Р. 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit703

6. Buller R.M.L. Poxviruses//Infectious Diseases/Eds J. Cohen, W. Powderly. – Elsevier. – 2004. – Р. 2053-2059.

7. Mpox (monkeypox): background information.The epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and management of mpox virus infections. [Electronic resource]. – URL: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monkeypox (date of the application February 10. 2023).

8. Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release. [Electronic resource]. - URL: https://ictv.global/taxonomy (date of the application February 10. 2023).

9. Parker S., Nuara A., Buller R.M., Schultz D.A. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease//Future Microbiol. – 2007. – Vol. 2(1). – Р. 17-34. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460913.2.1.17

10. Arita I., Henderson D.A. Smallpox and monkeypox in non-human primates//Bull World Health Organ. – 1968. – Vol. 39(2). – Р. 277-283.

11. Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. Smallpox and its Eradication World Health Organization. – Geneva. – 1988 ISBN: 92 4 156110 6.

12. Jezek Z., Fenner F. Human monkeypox//Monogr Virol. – 1988. – Vol. 17. – Р. 1-140.

13. Damon I.K. Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research//Vaccine. – 2011. – Р. 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.014

14. Breman J.G. Monkeypox: an emerging infection for humans? /Scheld W.M., Craig W.A., Hughes J.M. editors. Emerging infections 4//ASM Press. – 2000. – Р. 45-67.

15. Public health image library. [Electronic resource]. - URL: https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=22664 (date of the application February 10. 2023).

16. Jezek Z. et al. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282patients//J. Infect. Dis. – 1987. – Vol. 156. – Р. 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/156.2.293

17. MacNeil A. et al. Transmission of atypical varicella-zoster virus infections involving palm and sole manifestations in an area with monkeypox endemicity//Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2009. – Vol. 48. – Р. 6-8. https://doi.org/10.1086/595552

18. Денсаулық сақтау министрлігі ҚР-да мешін шешегі вирусын жұқтыру жағдайларының жоқ екенін хабарлады. [Электрон.ресурс]. - URL: https://med.mcfr.kz/news/3218-densaulyk-saktau-ministrligi (жүгінген күні 2023 ж. 10 ақпан).

19. Reynolds M.G., Damon I.K. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination//Trends Microbiol. – 2012. – Vol. 20(2). – Р. 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.001

20. Маймыл шешек қандай дерт? Қаншалықты қауіпті? Қалай қорғану керек? Түсіндіреміз. [Электрон.ресурс]. - URL: https://www.azattyq.org/a/explainer-how-concerned-should-we-be-about-monkeypox/31864814.html (жүгінген күні 2023 ж. 10 ақпан).

21. Huhn G.D. et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease//Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2005. – Vol. 41. – Р. 1742-1751. https://doi.org/10.1086/498115

22. Reynolds M.G. et al. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection//J. Infect. Dis. – 2006. – Vol. 194. – Р. 773-780. https://doi.org/10.1086/505880

23. Sejvar J.J. et al. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the midwestern United States// J. Infect. Dis. – 2004. – Vol. 190. – Р. 1833-1840. https://doi.org/10.1086/425039

24. John P., Thornhill M.D. et al. Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries-April–June 2022//N Engl J Med. – 2022. – Vol. 387. – Р. 679-691. https://www.nejm.org/ doi/10.1056/NEJMc2213969

25. Fine P.E., Jezek Z., Grab B., Dixon H. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations//Int J Epidemiol. – 1998. – Vol. 17 (3). – Р. 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/17.3.643

26. Hutin Y.J., Williams R.J., Malfait P., Pebody R., Loparev V.N., Ropp S.L. et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997//Emerg Infect Dis. – 2001. – Vol. 7 (3). – Р. 434-438. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0703.017311

27. Anderson R., May R. Infectious Diseases of Humans//Oxford University Press. – 1992.

28. Antia R., Regoes R.R., Koella J.C., Bergstrom C.T. The role of evolution in the emergence of infectious diseases//Nature. – 2003. – Vol. 426. – Р. 658-661. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02104

29. Close C.L., Hutson K.N., Lee J., Abel D.S., Carroll J.M., Montgomery V.A. et al. Monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak//Am J Trop Med Hyg. – 2003. – Vol. 76 (4). – Р. 757-768.

30. Croft D.R., Sotir M.J., Williams C.J., Kazmierczak J.J., Wegner M.V., Rausch D. et al. Occupational risks during a monkeypox outbreak Wisconsin//Emerg Infect Dis. – 2007. – Vol. 13 (8). – Р. 1150-1157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1308.061365

31. Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services//Emergency order — issued June 12, 2003.

32. Executive order in response to orthopox outbreak. Springfield: State of Illinois Executive Department, 2003.

33. Meyer H. et al. Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001//J. Clin. Microbiol. – Vol. 40. – Р. 2919-2921. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002

34. Rimoin A.W. et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo//Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. – Vol. 107. – Р. 16262-16267. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005769107

35. Jezek Z. et al. Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire//Trop.Geogr.Med. – 1988. – Vol. 40. – Р. 73-83.

36. Rimoin A.W. et al. Endemic human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001–2004// Emerg. Infect. Dis. – Vol. 13. – Р. 934-937. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.061540

37. Foster S.O. et al. Human monkeypox//Bull. World Health Org. – 1972. – Vol. 46. – Р. 569-576.

38. Tchokoteu P.F. et al. Variola or a severe case of varicella? A case of human variola due to monkeypox virus in a child from the Cameroon//Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. – 1991. – Vol. 71. – Р. 123-128.

39. Arita I. The current status of monkeypox: memorandum from a WHO meeting//Bull. World Health Org. – 1984. – Vol. 62. – Р. 703-713.

40. Ходакевич Л. и др. Заражение людей вирусом оспы обезьян в Центральноафриканской Республике//Бюллетень Общества экзотических филиалов патологии. – 1985. – С. 311-320.

41. Meyer, A. et al. First appearance of monkey pox in human beings in Gabon//Med. Trop. – 1991. – Vol. 51. – Р. 53-57.

42. Learned L.A. et al. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo//Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. – 2003. – Vol. 73. – Р. 428-434.

43. Reynolds M.G. et al. Spectrum of infection and risk factors for human monkeypox, United States, Emerg//Infect. Dis. – 2007. – Vol. 13. – Р. 1332-1339. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1309.070175

44. Formenty P. et al. Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo Basin clade, Sudan, 2005//Emerg. Infect. Dis. – 2007. – Vol. 16. – Р. 1539-1545. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1610.100713

45. Karem K.L. et al. Monkeypox-induced immunity and failure of childhood smallpox vaccination to provide complete protection//Clin. Vaccine Immunol. – 2007. – Vol. 14. – Р. 1318-1327. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00148-07

46. Hammarlund E. et al. Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox//Nat. Med. – 2005. – Vol. 11. – Р. 1005-1011. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1273

47. Scott Parker, Anthony Nuara, R Mark L Buller, and Denise A Schultz Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease//Future Microbiology – 2007. Vol. 2:1. – P. 17-34. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460913.2.1.17

48. - URL: https://www.techinsider.ru/science/1551715-ospa-obezyan-vse-samoe-vazhnoe

49. Nalca A. et al. Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with aerosolized monkeypox virus//PLoS ONE. – 2010. – Vol. 5. – 12880 р. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012880

50. Goff A. et al. Infection of cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant monkeypox virus encoding green fluorescent protein//Arch. Virol. – 2011. – Vol.156. – Р. 1877-1881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-011-1065-1

51. Reed K.D., Melski J.W., Graham M.B., Regnery R.L., Sotir M.J., Wegner M.V., Kazmierczak J.J., Stratman E.J., Li Y., Fairley J.A. et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere//N Engl J Med. – 2004. – Vol. 350. – Р. 342-350.

52. Маренникова С.С., Шелухина Е.М., Жукова О.А. Экспериментальное заражение белок Sciurus vulgaris вирусом оспы обезьян//Acta Virol. – 1989. – № 33. – 399 с.

53. Hutson C.L., Lee K.N., Abel J., Carroll D.S., Montgomery J.M., Olson V.A., Li Y., Davidson W., Hughes C., Dillon M. et al. Monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak//Am J Trop Med Hyg. – 2007. – Vol. 76. – Р. 757-768.

54. Earl P.L. et al. Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox//Nature. – 2004. – Vol. 428. – Р. 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02331

55. Stittelaar K.J. et al. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects macaques against respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus//J. Virol. – 2005. – Vol. 79. – Р. 7845-7851. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.12.7845-7851.2005

56. Edghill-Smith Y. et al. Smallpox vaccine does not protect macaques with AIDS from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge//J. Infect. Dis. – 2005. – Vol. 191. – Р. 372-381. https://doi.org/10.1086/427265

57. Earl P.L. et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara provides durable protection against disease caused by an immunodeficiency virus as well as long-term immunity to an orthopoxvirus in a non-human primate//Virology. – 2007. – Vol. 366. – Р. 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.041

58. Kenner J. et al. LC16m8: an attenuated smallpox vaccine//Vaccine. – 2006. – Vol. 24. – Р. 7009-7022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.087

59. Saijo M. et al. LC16m8, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccine lacking expression of the membrane protein B5R, protects monkeys from monkeypox//J. Virol. – 2006. – Vol. 80. – Р. 5179-5188. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02642-05

60. Kidokoro M. et al. Genetically stable and fully effective smallpox vaccine strain constructed from highly attenuated vaccinia LC16m8//Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. – 2005. – Vol. 102. – Р. 4152-4157. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406671102

61. Buchman G.W. et al. A protein-based smallpox vaccine protects non-human primates from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge//Vaccine. – 2010. – Vol. 28. – Р. 6627-6636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.030

62. Heraud J.M. et al. Subunit recombinant vaccine protects against monkeypox//J. Immunol. – 2006. – Vol. 177. – Р. 2552-2564. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2552

63. Golden J.W. and Hooper J.W. Heterogeneity in the A33 protein impacts the cross-protective efficacy of a candidate smallpox DNA vaccine//Virology. – 2008. – Vol. 377. – Р. 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.003

64. Adler H., Gould S., Hine P. et al. Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK//Lancet Infect Dis. – Vol. 22 (8). – Р. 1153-1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6

65. Ogoina D., Iroezindu M., James H.I., Oladokun R., Yinka-Ogunleye A., Wakama P., Otike-Odibi B., Usman L.M., Obazee E., Aruna O., Ihekweazu C. Clinical Course and Outcome of Human Monkeypox in Nigeria//Clin Infect Dis. – 2020. – Vol. 71(8). – № 5. – Р. 210-214. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa143

66. Mbala P.K., Huggins J.W., Riu-Rovira T., Ahuka S.M., Mulembakani P., Rimoin A.W., Martin J.W., Muyembe J.T. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Human Monkeypox Infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo//J Infect Dis. – 2017. – №17. – Vol. 216 (7). – Р. 824-828. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix260

67. Mpox. Treatment Information for Healthcare Professionals [Internet] – URL: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html

68. - URL: https://www.lrt.lt/ru/novosti/17/1704836/ospa-obez-ian-kak-raspoznat-i-chem-lechit

69. Damon I. Poxviruses in manual of clinical microbiology//ASM Press. – 2010.

70. Likos A.M., Sammons S.A., Olson V.A., Frace A.M., Li Y., Olsen-Rasmussen M. et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses//J Gen Virol. – 2005. – Vol. 86. – Р. 2661-2672. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81215-0

71. Chen N., Li G., Liszewski M.K., Atkinson J.P., Jahrling P.B., Feng Z. et al. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo Basin//Virology. – 2005. – Vol.340(1). – Р. 46-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.030

72. Weaver J.R., Isaacs S.N. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins// Immunol Rev. – 2008. – Vol.225. – Р.96-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x

73. Councilman W.T. Some general considerations on the pathology of smallpox//Public Health Pap Rep. – Vol. 31. – Р. 218-229.

74. Wahl-Jensen V., Cann J.A., Rubins K.H., Huggins J.W., Fisher R.W., Johnson A.J., Kok-Mercado de F., Larsen T., Raymond J.L., Hensley L.E., Jahrling P.B. Progression of pathogenic events in cynomolgus macaques infected with variola virus//PLoS One. – 2011. – № 6. – 24832 р. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024832

75. Dyall J., Johnson R.F., Chen D.Y., Huzella L., Ragland D.R., Mollura D.J., Byrum R., Reba R.C., Jennings G., Jahrling P.B. et al. Evaluation of Monkeypox disease progression by molecular imaging// J Infect Dis. – 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir663

76. Goff A.J., Chapman J., Foster C., Wlazlowski C., Shamblin J., Lin K., Kreiselmeier N., Mucker E., Paragas J., Lawler J., Hensley L. A novel respiratory model of infection with monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques//J Virol. – Vol. 85. – 2011. – Р. 4898-4909. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02525-10

77. Hendrickson R.C., Wang C., Hatcher E.L., Lefkowitz E.J. Orthopoxvirus genome evolution: the role of gene loss Viruses// – Vol. 2. – 2010. – Р. 1933-1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2091933

78. Щелкунов С.Н., Тотменин А.В., Бабкин И.В., Сафронов П.Ф., Рязанкина О.И., Петров Н.А., Гуторов В.В., Уварова Е.А., Михеев М.В., Сислер Дж.Р. и др. Вирусы оспы обезьян и натуральной оспы человека: геномное сравнение//FEBS Lett. – № 509. – 2001. – С. 66-70.

79. Щелкунов Клоус С.Н., Тотменин А.В., Сафронов П.Ф., Гуторов В.В., Рязанкина О.И., Петров Н.А., Бабкин И.В., Уварова Е.А., Михеев М.В., Сислер Дж.Р. и др. Множественные генетические различия между вирусами оспы обезьян и натуральной оспы//Доклады по биохимии и биофизике. – № 384. – 2002. – С. 143-147.

80. Close Z., Jezek F., Fenner J.L. Human monkeypox// Monogr Virol. – Vol. 17. – 1988. – Р. 1-140.

81. Li Y., Carroll D.S., Gardner S.N., Walsh M.C., Vitalis E.A., Damon I.K. On the origin of smallpox: correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records//Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. – Vol. 104 (40). – 2007. – Р. 15787-15792. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609268104